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Probabilistic Residual Learning for Online Recommendations

Modern recommender systems are typically based on deep learning (DL) models, where a dense encoder learns representations of users and items. As a result, th...

Yan Xie·Jul 23, 2026·1 min read·Original source ↗
Probabilistic Residual Learning for Online Recommendations

Probabilistic Residual Learning for Online Recommendations2607.20863AuthorsYan Xie,Chengzhi Mao,Hengguan Huang,Hao Wang,Wenyuan Wangand 9 moreAbstractModern recommender systems are typically based on deep learning (DL) models, where a dense encoder learns representations of users and items. As a result, these systems often suffer from the black-box nature and computational complexity of the underlying models, making it difficult to systematically enhance their recommendation capabilities. To address this problem, we propose Probabilistic Residual Learning (PRL), a causal Bayesian recommendation model that models the residual between ground-truth and base predictions, enabling targeted refinement of existing systems. Specifically, PRL (1) probabilistically groups users for localized residual modeling, (2) models domain-level confounders that influence user and item representations, and (3) aggregates cluster-specific residual predictions over the confounders using do-calculus. Experiments demonstrate that our plug-and-play PRL is compatible with various base deep learning recommender systems, improving their performance while automatically discovering meaningful user clusters.ResourcesView on Hugging FaceRead PDFArXiv

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